# Supervised Learning with Neural Networks

In this tutorial we show how to optimize a neural networks to approximate the state given. In this example, we consider the ground state of the J1-J2 model in one-dimension obtained from ED using NetKet.

The Hamiltonian of the model is given by:

where the sum is over sites of the 1-D chain.

## Outline:

1. Obtain data from ED
2. Choosing the machine (variational ansatz) and the optimizer
3. Defining the Supervised Learning object
4. Running the Supervised Learning
5. Data Visualisation

# Import netket library
import netket as nk
from mpi4py import MPI

# Helper libraries
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


## 1) Obtain data from ED

For a supervised learning problem, we would need to provide the data including input $X$ and output label $Y$. The neural network is asked to learn the mapping $Y=f(X)$. In our case, the input is the spin basis and the output is the coefficient of the corresponding spin basis.

First, we write a simple function to obtain data, i.e. ground state, from exact diagonalization. For detailed explanation see the tutorial for J1-J2 model for example.

def load_ed_data(L, J2=0.4):
# Sigma^z*Sigma^z interactions
sigmaz = np.array([[1, 0], [0, -1]])
mszsz = (np.kron(sigmaz, sigmaz))

# Exchange interactions
exchange = np.asarray(
[[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 2, 0], [0, 2, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0]])

# Couplings J1 and J2
J = [1., J2]

mats = []
sites = []

for i in range(L):
for d in [0, 1]:
# \sum_i J*sigma^z(i)*sigma^z(i+d)
mats.append((J[d] * mszsz).tolist())
sites.append([i, (i + d + 1) % L])

# \sum_i J*(sigma^x(i)*sigma^x(i+d) + sigma^y(i)*sigma^y(i+d))
mats.append(((-1.)**(d + 1) * J[d] * exchange).tolist())
sites.append([i, (i + d + 1) % L])

# 1D Lattice
g = nk.graph.Hypercube(length=L, n_dim=1, pbc=True)

# Spin based Hilbert Space
hi = nk.hilbert.Spin(s=0.5, graph=g)

# Custom Hamiltonian operator
ha = nk.operator.LocalOperator(hi)
for mat, site in zip(mats, sites):
ha += nk.operator.LocalOperator(hi, mat, site)

# Perform Lanczos Exact Diagonalization to get lowest three eigenvalues
res = nk.exact.lanczos_ed(ha, first_n=3, compute_eigenvectors=True)

# Eigenvector
ttargets = []

tsamples = []
hind = nk.hilbert.HilbertIndex(hi)

for i in range(hind.n_states):
visible = hind.number_to_state(i)
# only pick zero-magnetization states
mag = np.sum(visible)
if(np.abs(mag) < 1.0e-4):
tsamples.append(visible.tolist())
ttargets.append([np.log(res.eigenvectors[0][i])])

return hi, tsamples, ttargets



After we obtain the result as res, we return the hilbert space hi, the spin basis tsamples, and the coefficients ttargets.

Notice that we restrict ourselves to $\sum S_z = 0$ symmetry sector to simplify the learning.

We now consider a small system $L=10$ and with $J_2 = 0.4$, and obtain the data by calling the function load_ed_data.

L = 10
J2 = 0.4

# Load the Hilbert space info and data
hi, training_samples, training_targets = load_ed_data(L, J2)



## 2) Choosing the Machine and the Optimizer

For this tutorial, we consider the Restricted Bolzmann Machine nk.machine.RbmSpin and the AdaDelta optimizer nk.optimizer.AdaDelta.

# Machine
ma = nk.machine.RbmSpin(hilbert=hi, alpha=1)
ma.init_random_parameters(seed=1234, sigma=0.01)
# Optimizer


## 3) Defining the Supervised Learning object

We have now have almost everything (machine, optimizer, data) for setting up a supervised learning object. We also need to provide the batch size, batch_size, for stochatic gradient descent. For more details, see here.

# Supervised learning object
spvsd = nk.supervised.Supervised(
machine=ma,
optimizer=op,
batch_size=400,
samples=training_samples,
targets=training_targets)



## 4) Running the Supervised Learning

The very last piece we need for supervised learning is the loss function.

### Loss function

There are different loss functions one could define for the optimization problem, for example:

Here, we consider the latter one, which is the negative log of the overlap, as the loss function.

Taking the derivative from overlap errror function above, we have $\begin{equation*} \partial_k \mathcal{L}_\text{Overlap} = -\frac{\sum_i O_k^*\Psi^*(X_i)\Phi(X_i) }{\sum_i\Psi^*(X_i)\Phi(X_i)} + \frac{\sum_i O_k^*\Psi^*(X_i)\Psi(X_i)}{\sum_i \Psi^*(X_i)\Psi(X_i)} \end{equation*}$

Note that $N$ is the size of the Hilbert space. In general, this could not be computed exactly.

We could estimate this gradient by sampling different distributions,

So for the overlap loss function, we have two gradient estimate, one is $\hat{\partial_k \mathcal{L}}_\text{Overlap uni}$, Overlap_uni, and $\hat{\partial_k \mathcal{L}}_\text{Overlap phi}$, Overlap_phi.

We save the loss function every iteration, and save the optimized parameters only every save_params_every iterations.

# Number of iteration
n_iter = 4000

# Run with "Overlap_phi" loss. Also available currently is "MSE, Overlap_uni"
spvsd.run(n_iter=n_iter, loss_function="Overlap_phi",
output_prefix='output', save_params_every=50)



## 5) Data Visualisation

We have optimized our machine to approximate the ground state of the J1-J2 model. The results for the loss function are stored in the “.log” file and the optimized parameters in the “.wf” file. The files are all in json format.

# Load the data from the .log file
import json

# Extract the relevant information
iters=[]
log_overlap=[]
mse=[]
mse_log=[]

for iteration in data["Output"]:
iters.append(iteration["Iteration"])
log_overlap.append(iteration["log_overlap"])
mse.append(iteration["mse"])
mse_log.append(iteration["mse_log"])

overlap = np.exp(-np.array(log_overlap))



Now, we plot the overlap, i.e. fidelity, with respect to the number of iteration.


J2 = 0.4

plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
plt.title(r'$J_1 J_2$ model, $J_2=' + str(J2) + '$')
plt.ylabel('Overlap = F')
plt.xlabel('Iteration #')

plt.plot(iters, overlap)
plt.axhline(y=1, xmin=0, xmax=iters[-1], linewidth=2, color='k',label='max accuracy = 1')

plt.legend(frameon=False)

plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.ylabel('Overlap Error = 1-F')
plt.xlabel('Iteration #')
plt.semilogy(iters, 1.-overlap)
plt.show()



The result suggests that indeed we could have a good approximate to the state given by supervised learning.